Essay on Classroom Scenarios - 2572 Words

Classroom Scenario Analysis Classroom Scenario Analysis Mrs. Ross has her fourth grade students move their desks together into groups of 2 to do a group activity. She instructs them to pair with anyone they choose. Teresa raises her hand, â€Å"I don’t want to pair with Megan again because she doesn’t do any of the work. Can I have someone else?† Megan who is soft-spoken just looks down at the floor as the class waits for the teacher’s response. Mrs. Ross asks Teresa and Megan to come with her outside and instructs the class to carry on with the activity. 1. What level of mutual respect exists between students and the teacher in this scenario? How did mutual respect affect the classroom dynamics? How would you improve mutual†¦show more content†¦The instructions Mrs. Ross gave told students they could choose their own partner. There was never a need for Teresa to comment on not wanting to be Megan’s partner as Mrs. Ross had already told students to pick their own partner. 4. What conflic ts did you observe in this classroom? What conflict resolution methods could you use to resolve the conflicts in this classroom? Are there any peer mediation methods that you could use in this scenario? The conflict in the classroom was between Teresa and Megan. To resolve the conflict I would bring the two students together and have them work cooperatively on the issue with my guidance. I would want both students to feel free to speak their mind, feel listened to, and feel that they are an important part of the solution. I would want them to understand that they both need to be respectful, listen to each other, and try to understand the others’ point of view. As part of the process I would also expect them to work together to come to an agreement they both feel good about. I would not use peer mediation methods in a fourth grade class. 5. What changes would you make to help this classroom become more of a community? Why would developing this classroom into a community be important? I don’t see any changes I would make, but something I would talk to the class about to make the classroom become more of a community would be respect. I would plan a mini lesson on respect and how we treat others for another day.Show MoreRelatedClassroom Scenario Analysis : Classroom Scenarios1285 Words   |  6 PagesClassroom scenario analysis Education is the basis and foundation of knowledge for almost every being living in the current world. Due to diversification and adversities, many suitable teaching and learning techniques are being advanced to cater for each and every person’s knowledge quest. Technological advancement has also spearheaded development of education among nations. Professional learning communities, and webinar are some of the trending learning techniques in many developed countries (MarshallRead MoreClassroom Scenario : Linguistically And Culturally Diverse Learners2054 Words   |  9 Pages Classroom Scenario Analysis Patricia Hough ELL240: Linguistically Culturally Diverse Learners (ACV1524A) Professor Catherine Tapia July 13, 2015 Classroom Scenario Analysis As educators, we are responsible in providing quality education and learning strategies that will help English language learners (ELLs) develop and progress in both academic and social skills. Ell students face many challenges that include social abilities, interactions with others, and participating duringRead MoreMy Homework Policy For Scenario 2 s Classroom1259 Words   |  6 Pages My Classroom Homework Policy Maurina Morton Western Governor’s University My Homework Policy Reflection: I believe that the homework policy for scenario 2’s classroom positively promotes social interaction, self-engagement, and student motivation in the elementary school classroom. There are multiple occasions listed in the policy where the student must interact directly with their teacher. These occasions include turning and picking up homework, setting up a conference to discussRead MoreEvaluating Ethical Solutions Associated With Real Life Situations866 Words   |  4 Pagesemployment industry. In the event of my group partner making a suggestion for the second scenario, he expressed, that he learned the technique while being in the military. Although, I’m aware that people have different beliefs and values, I acknowledged that collaborating ideas is beneficial, and operates as a learning tool, only if you are willing to listen and learn. Nevertheless, making a decision about the scenarios were not difficult, we were able to identify similar ethical ideas, yet, I was concernRead MoreThe Classroom Management Simulation : Effectively Handling Transitions1513 Words   |  7 Pageswisely. In any classroom, it will be important to try several practices and see which work best for your students. The Classroom Management Simulation provided three scenarios. The first scenario is based on data given on transition time. The data proved that during transition times students are more likely to be off task and misbehave(Classroom management simulation: Effectively handling transitions, 2015). The first option puts the issue of transition time on the students(Classroom management simulation:Read MoreTeaching Business, Health, And Other Life Skills911 Words   |  4 Pagesteaching. This was done simultaneously while she ran the operations of her family’s gym, completing her personal trainer certification, and observing teachers in various classrooms to find her teaching style. I chose Abby because she is honest and does not stray far from her beliefs; this interested me in how she will adapt to the classroom environment instead of the typical gym environment she has been in. Interview Breakdown Due to her busy schedule and travel constraints, the interview was conductedRead MoreClassroom Observation Report Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesClassroom Observation Memphis Intermediate School is located in the city of Memphis, TN. It is comprised of grades 3-5 with a total enrollment of 464 students and a student/teacher ratio of 20. Memphis has been in operation for only seven years and is a public school. The ethnicity of the student body is largely White at 86%, followed by Hispanic 6%Read MoreWhy Jessica Should Go Into Building An Independent Classroom And Students Before Splitting Them Into Groups With Her Self1102 Words   |  5 PagesReading Time Struggles I think that Jessica should go back to the basics of building an independent classroom and students before splitting them into groups with any other adult leading them. Because there are other volunteers in the classroom the students are unable to actually be independent and do independent work, which is important for students to be able to do. After she builds this independent behavior for her class, having volunteers might be a bit easier and helpful in other ways. If theRead MoreTeaching Of A Differentiated Classroom Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesClassrooms today are diverse, have issues that were not previously present, and more is demanded of teachers than ever before. The readings in chapter six of Differentiated Instructional Management (Chapman and King, 2008), stuck me that many of the presented plans are intertwined with each other. I will explain three areas of planning in a differentiated classroom. I will not only discuss the areas of planning, but also speak about how I will incorporate and use the information in my teaching. Read MoreI Am A Math Lesson Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesconduct a math lesson as I had never conducted a math lesson in an elementary classroom let alone a 3rd grade classroom. I discussed with my CT what math concept I could teach that pertained to one of the 3rd grade standards. My CT told me that I could introduce the new concept of area to the class on the Friday that I was supposed to teach my lesson. I knew that that introducing a new topic on a Friday in an elementary classroom was not ideal as the majority of teachers that I have observed in the past

Analysis Of The Book Taken Hostage By David Farber

The United States history during 1977 to 1989 went through two presidencies and whirlwind of events happened. When President Jimmy Carter became president he wanted to lower the inflation rates to make life easier for the people of the United States. While that was his goal it got completely derailed. Near the end of Jimmy Carters presidency, a group of Iranian students took over the U.S Embassy in Tehran and took people hostage. Over the course of the 444 days the hostages where held captive while the people of the United States voted for a new president to help lead them into a new direction. The people voted for Ronald Reagan. While he was president things didn’t go as he planned as well. The issues with Iran did not calm down and escalated to something bigger. After the Iran hostage crisis, the US had another issues with Iran and it was the Iran- Contra affair. During this essay I will be talking about the book called â€Å"Taken Hostage† by David Farber and the in formation in the book. The book is about the time frame of Jimmy Carter’s presidency and the issues with Iran and the hostage crisis. The second half of my essay is towards President Ronald Reagan’s and the issues about the Iran- Contra affair and the lasting issues between Iran and the United states. The book â€Å"Taken Hostage† by David Farber the book starts off giving some background information about the state and the economic state that the United States was in before the hostage crisis took place. In 1970’sShow MoreRelatedThe Iranian Hostage Crisis And Its Effect On The United States1660 Words   |  7 PagesPlan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to answer the question on how did the Iranian Hostage Crisis affect the relationship between United States and Iran. The main body of evidence will observe in depth the Iranian and United States relations during the hostage crisis. Evidence of this investigation will include secondary documents and books pertaining to the hostage time in Iran and US foreign policy. Speeches from the US President to the American public and to the world willRead MoreAgency Theory Essay 329591 Words   |  119 Pagesdominant perspective on which governance research relies. A variety of comments may underscore that view. Bratton (2001; see also Bratton, 1989) described Berle and Means impact on legal scholarship as a paradigm that dominated the field and their book. The Modern Corporation and Private Property, as a singular event in the last century of academic corporate law (p. 739). Shapiro suggested that agency theory represents a new Zeitgeist and the dominant institutional logic of corporate governanceRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge

Kant and Socrates Free Essays

Morality is generally defined as the rightness or wrongness of an action or conduct based on an agreed standard or measure of ethical norms. This argues a society where there is no dissenting voice, which in reality is not true. Cultural subjectivism promotes tolerance, but not for all, as fundamentalist thought excludes any deviation from their prescribed moral values (Jowett, 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Kant and Socrates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Society, on the other hand, is a group of individuals that share a common system of beliefs, intent and thought. Moral standards are required so that a stable society may exist; however, the dilemma in ethics theory is how the morality within a society is formed (Vlastos, 1991). Morality and society, apparently, is in a state of flux while ethics theorists attempt to come up with an adequate ethical formula to qualify what is right and wrong based on all cultural, social, political and religious realities. The notion of morality is often taken from a cultural context yet this presumes that societies are likewise always right in their judgments, so to disagree with society is morally wrong (Nikolaos, 2005). Among the most noted for their philosophical studies regarding morality and ethics are Socrates and Immanuel Kant. Both point out that the definition of what is evil depends on culture and experience and motivations of the individual and society. Their definition of morality discusses not only the concept itself but also its implications to man’s existence (â€Å"Kant’s Moral Philosophy†, 2007). Thus, understanding what is moral is not to be considered as an intellectual discourse alone but is an endeavor to understand better the world. Socrates Socrates has provided great food of thought in his studies for what he knew but more importantly because of his treatise and understanding of what he does not know. Socrates did not believe in the need to explain his actions or thoughts and instead questioned others’ exhaustively. Socrates’ regard for Sparta, his association with the Thirty Tyrants and his own personal philosophical stance was used by his enemies for the accusation of treason against the state (Vlastos, 1991). At the time of the trial, which led to his subsequent death by hemlock, there was not any element in Greek society that would represent modern day district attorney offices. At the same time jury selection also did not have the criteria that is implemented today and often represents the political dominants of the time. Civil cases were brought to trial by private individuals who often also acted as the prosecution. Thus, there was no way to determine whether there was probable cause as to accusations. There is also a presumption of guilt rather than that of innocence. In Plato’s recollections of the trial, he points out that the prosecution, the restored democrats, deliberately made assumptions contextually of Socrates’ teachings and philosophies (Jowett, 2000). Plato also recognizes that Socrates defense was one that seemed to have ultimately given the jury the behest to find him guilty. His defense did not actually defend his actions but rather questioned the institution by which he was being tried in. Though in hindsight it is obvious that he held Athens in high regard, his philosophical speeches during his lifetime were sufficiently vague that his detractors easily could manipulate to appear the opposite (Nikolaos, 2005). Socrates on Morality Unlike traditional Sophistic views on the purpose of life which focused on public life or works, Socrates viewed the moral excellence of the soul or virtue as paramount. He considered morality as not just limited to internal aspects or characteristics of an individual but extended its definition into the public life of the individual. One of the key virtues according to Socrates is knowledge. Socrates proposed that rhetorical studies should consider morality practically rather than for the purpose of public service alone. According to Socrates, the lack of knowledge leads to the absence of virtue. Following this viewpoint, understanding what is moral is critical in understanding virtue which in turn is important to be able to lead a moral life. Socrates describes these efforts at gaingin knowledge and thus leaving morally as the means to create value out of life: â€Å"a man who is good for anything ought not to calculate the chance of living or dying; he ought only to consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or wrong – acting the part of a good man or of a bad† (Jowett, 2000, para. 55) The first step for this process is to understand what virtue is and what it is not. What is not moral is considered as evil: an act of evil can then be done by actions against another property causing him loss, against the person by physical harm or by treating him unjustly such as the denial of rights or freedoms.   In Plato’s Gorgias, Socrates states that â€Å"good and evil are not simultaneous, and do not cease simultaneously†, implying that though good and bad contradict each other, they can not exist without the other (Jowett, 1999, lines 361-362). Many of Socrates’ actions may be interpreted as satire on the Athenian society and even his statements during his trial can not be considered as defense was rather a philosophical treatise. When Socrates was asked why he did choose to flee before the trial or after it when his friends tried to liberate him from prison despite what they believed was a mockery of a trial, Socrates replied that since he chose to live in Athens, he must bow to its laws regardless of the trial (Nikolaos, 2005). However, if one already considers the ethical or moral components into the equation, it is then that the question of justice becomes more difficult to evaluate. Thus, Socrates may in fact be making a statement as to the justice of the trial if not to its legality. Considering the components of prosecution, defense, jury and judge alone, one can consider that the trial prescribe to all requirements for the delivery of justice. Kant on Socrates Kant’s Moral philosophy is one of the main alternatives to utilitarianism which marginalizes moral humanistic virtues. Kant’s view on morality is essentially deontological which implies a focus on the action to be done regardless of the consequences (â€Å"Kant: The Moral†, 2001). This implies that if a person is doing something that is right, then even if the results of his actions create a negative outcome, then he still did the right thing. There is also a prescriptive quality to Kant’s view: the assumption is that everyone should do what is right and that it should be universally right (Wood, 2004). Thus, for an action to be considered moral, it should be within the capacity of everyone and viewed as a correct action universally (â€Å"Kant’s Moral Philosophy†, 2007). Viewing Socrates’ action through Kant’s Moral Philosophy, there are arguments both to support the morality of Socrates actions. The challenge is in deciphering Socrates’ intentions and purpose which can sometime prove difficult since it is basic in and Socratic Method to question something. From Kant’s definition of morals in terms of the action rather than the outcome, Socrates can be considered as moral since his purpose for questioning the state and its leaders is to emphasize the need for the knowledge virtue (â€Å"Kant: The Moral†, 2001). According to Plato, Socrates did not question the institutions of the states but rather the ignorance behind it. Thus, Kant will consider Socrates moral because he in facts teaches other virtue by his philosophical studies. As stated by Socrates in Apology, â€Å"I can give you as proofs of this, not words only, but deeds, which you value more than words,† (Jowett, 2000, para. 59) Another example is Socrates’ lack of defense for himself during his trial. According to Plato’s Apology, the accusations against Socrates were an intimidation scheme gone badly. Rather than acceding to his detractors, Socrates chose not to give up his stands as a testament to his view of the mockery of justice that has become of the Athenian society. Supporting the Kant’s view of universality in the form of the law implemented in Athens, Socrates believed that he should be executed because of the fact that he has been found guilty according to Athenian law as attested by Socrates himself in his statement that to live in Athens, one must bow to its laws regardless. Even his efforts at defensce according to him are not for his sake but rather for the sake of the citizenry: â€Å"I am not going to argue for my own sake, as you may think, but for yours, that you may not sin against the God, or lightly reject his boon by condemning me† (para. 57) Just the same time, it can be argued that Socrates’ actions are immoral based on Kant’s views (â€Å"Kant: The Moral†, 2001). Socrates questioning the state is indeed against the Athenian law and therefore regardless his intentions for enlightenment, it is considered as sedition. The absolute nature of Kantian moral philosophies leaves no exceptions: commands are imperatives without categories. Though Socrates argued that virtuous characteristics represent absence of virtue is evil, he also stated that â€Å"good and evil are not simultaneous, and do not cease simultaneously† (Jowett, 1999, lines 342-344). Socrates, Kant and Morality The main source of conflict between the two philosophies on morality is that Kant’s definition is so absolute and leaves very little space more the resolution of moral dilemmas which in contrast was the focus of Socrates work if not his own life (Wood, 2004). Consider Socrates’ closing statement during his trial: â€Å"For if I tell you that this would be a disobedience to a divine command, and therefore that I cannot hold my tongue, you will not believe that I am serious; and if I say again that the greatest good of man is daily to converse about virtue, and all that concerning which you hear me examining myself and others, and that the life which is unexamined is not worth living – that you are still less likely to believe† (Jowett, 2000, para. 63). The strict requirements for rationality then precludes morality for those who are fully rational such as those who are mentally incapacitated or limited because of retardation or any other psychological condition (â€Å"Kant’s Moral Philosophy†, 2007). Though moral autonomy does exist in both perspectives, Kant’s moral philosophy leaves less flexibility towards its definition because of its requirement of universality. It should be kept in mind that the setting of the two works is distinctly different. In the case of Socrates, the motivation and the consequences are given as much importance as the act itself. When he was accused that he did spoke falsely of the gods, he used as evidence his belief in the spiritual, such as the existence of the soul, and divinities by stating that, â€Å"Can a man believe in spiritual and divine agencies, and not in spirits or demigods?† (Jowett, 2000, para. 49). In the case of Kant, this will not be a valid argument since In Socrates’ discourse, punishment of the act contravenes evil and while in Kant, contravention is from the doing what is right alone. In both instances, what is not moral is considered a reality on man’s life and both definitions require affirmative action against what is not moral. To be able to do so, one’s character and virtue must juxtapose what is considered what is not moral. Therefore restoration of evil done is equated with the punishment that one receives for the act. The fundamental difference in the definition between the two is that Kant’s moral failure is an independent act to a moral right by virtue of the lack of impact of consequences while Socrates’ main model of immorality is based on injustice resulting form the action. Thus the dilemma of immorality in the former is an ethical one and immorality in the latter is presented as a social dilemma. Reflecting on both works, there is a realization that definitions of what is not moral may differ in many ways but all studies that focus on it have a common purpose. In understanding the nature and manner of what is not moral, a person is able to better not according it to it. References Jowett, Benjamin (1999).Gorgias by Plato. Project Guttenberg. Retrieved on April 2, 2007 http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1672?msg=welcome_stranger Jowett, Benjamin (2000). Plato’s Apology. Retrieved on April 2, 2007 http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/apology.html = How to cite Kant and Socrates, Essay examples

Organization That Is Fundamentally Dedicated-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organization That Is Fundamentally Dedicated? Answer: Introduction Boeing is a business plane organization that is fundamentally dedicated to lead in the flight industry through offering planes and services that convey one of a kind unrivaled outline, esteem, and proficiency to its clients around the globe. As of now, Boeing has more than 10,000 business jetliners in use, flying travelers and cargo more successfully than challenging models in the market. Boeing business planes employ more than 83,000 workers everywhere throughout the world. Boeing business planes offer their operation services in more than twelve urban areas and nations. Its home office is in the Puget Sound district of Washington State. Boeing has security as its essential thought when its specialists are outlining the planes. Apart from meeting services previously authorized, every plane model must meet Boeing's set of targets, values, and norms. Frequently these targets are stricter than service requirement. Boeing planes are thoroughly checked for any cause of the alarm, and the organization consistently screens the performance of planes worldwide to recognize changes to enhance security. Amongst Boeings products and services include, business and military air ship, satellites, weapons, electronic and protection frameworks, dispatch frameworks, propelled data and correspondence frameworks, and execution based co-ordinations. In the past years, the organization has been associated with obtaining universal firms and making vital unions with numerous aviation pioneers. Directly, Boeing is working in 70 states with over 24,000 providers and 180,000 most assorted, creative, and skilled employees having advanced training and significant involvement in the aeronautic business activities. Boeing Global Services passes on complete, cost-centered organization answers for business, resistance and space customers, paying little regard to their apparatus' one of a kind producer. With building, propelled examination, generation arrange and planning bolster spreading over transversely finished both the organization and business advantage offerings, Boeing Global Services is amazingly arranged to keep explorers flying, and nations safe. Boeing global service has been united by the fact that Boeing has long time experience in the industry, and its outstanding knowledge in innovative service solutions. Boeing is always ready to serve its customers all over the world in their efficient and optimal operations Analysis on the major strategic differences opposing Boeing commercial airplanes Boeing had some challenges that it experienced in the process of procuring its requirement. It excitedly seized procuring, both internally and externally, as a way of reducing the expenses and increasing expansion. This methodology was intended to diminish the 787's innovation time with two years and development cost with $4 billion. The last item was contrary. The attempt was to a great degree past the arrangement and three fiscal years behind the calendar. The organization had devoured a lot of trade out trying to recover than they ever ought to have consumed on the off easygoing that they had attempted keeping the key advances closer to home. Key strategic issues The crucial aim of Boeing is to redesign the effecting, eminence and preferred outlook of everything/advantage where performance and eminence are evaluated by buyer loyalties, and the productivity is measured by inquiring about the broadened speculator's riches and respect. Recollecting the genuine target to satisfy the specific major objectives what's more to address mission and vision of the affiliation, Boeing built up a standard strategy of objectives that combined reliable change to an extraordinary competent skilled staff. Boeing also focused organization, mechanical enormity, money related quality, and feeling of obligation with respect to future respectability. The advantages and limits of Boeing combine Air terminal Innovation, Boeing Capital Organization, Business Aeronautics services, Fuel Protection service, and Preparing and Flight Management. The airport advancement is commended like planning, laying out, and surveying airport associations and Boeing Capital Organization is responsible for plane financing. Business Aeronautics Management supervise client support, flight operations, Armada change, support associations, and material Association while Fuel Protection Administrations help the relationship to fabricate the fuel productivity of the planes. Boeing has neglected to meet due dates in various conditions in the past years and the deferrals have also caused production of the expenses and cost in millions. The truth behind suspensions was the main subcontracting game plan of Boeing over its general providers. Recalling a definitive goal to diminish the effect of deferrals and to deal with the creation orchestrate, Boeing has adjusted triple system that joins procurement, on territory explicit help, and quality control. Boeing has neglected to meet due dates in passing on business air qualities to its clients. Sometime beginning late, one of a kind changes have been surrendered either in the setting of nonattendance of building affiliations (Datamonitor, 2011) or delays from the providers (The Market analyst, 2011). The bit of the general business of Boeing is moving towards Airbus in the setting of the surrender issue. The broadened rivalry has what's more caused to hurt the money related implementation of few key parts of Bo eing. The investigation reveals that Boeing is comparatively restricting unmistakable true blue procedures in the setting of some primary issues, for example, business contract question, work matters, regular liabilities, and secured advance talk about (Datamonitor, 2009). Inside every last present contender, Airbus has changed into the supreme manifest one for Boeing to the degree commercial planes. In like manner, Boeing should negate the threat of new contender from China as its association needs to report commercial planes in 2020 (Dillow, 2010). According to the review, another hazard is the effort strikes from the operators as a level of Boeing's workforce is in the merger and in 2008 affiliation has definitively resulted to minor deferrals as a result of the work incursions (Datamonitor, 2011). It was also settled in the report that Boeing's operations of 777 and 787 had been affected by the effect of 2011 stupefying east Japan seismic tremor since Boeing's essential providers are working from Japan. Key issues under the light of inward and outer investigation are shown in the table below. Analytical tool Key issues results action Resource based view Competency hole between Boeing's vision and techniques because of store network issues which have caused delays Interrupted Beneath evaluation Worth chain investigation Boeing is as of now confronting production network issue because of absence of viable correspondence system Interrupted Beneath evaluation Monetary investigation eight percent decrease in the income because of worldwide subsidence 2008 Deterioration in profit Booked Pest investigation 1. reduced shopper expenditure because of worldwide subsidence 2. Changing requirements and requests of the clients 3. Higher administrative and natural confinements 4. Dispute of out of line endowments Deterioration in sale Booked five forces investigation Bartering forces of providers Interrupted Beneath evaluation SWOT investigation 1. Delays because of production network issues 2. Great East Japan seismic tremor 3. Increase in fuel costs Interrupted Booked It is clear from the table above, Boeing is at show going up against putting off issues in light of incapable Supply Chain Information System. The attempt will be made to the arrangement and endorse a fitting framework to Boeing to beat the defer factor in developing new aircraft Ways through which Boeing commercial airplanes would modify its strategies Methodology formulation For executing the new development in arranging and gathering 787 Dream liner, Boeing is overseeing top front line outfit makers all around the world. By the way of picking propelled suppliers, it is moreover fundamental to put most extraordinary attempts to stay in touch with each one of the suppliers meanwhile. Far reaching wanders as fast as possible go up against issues in view of cut in the correspondence outlines with different divisions, suppliers, or manufacturers and thusly this nonappearance of correspondence leads to delays in the manufacturing framework. It is in like way clear to Boeing's situation that the association obtained an outer relationship to rebuild the corporate standards of business planes region in 2010 to solve the defer factor. This specific endeavor was besieged due to internal and external correspondence issues (Sanders, 2010). Recalling a definitive goal to administer current stock framework issues, the Supply Chain Information System of Boeing should be enhanced to beat correspondence issues. Store network Information System is the data frameworks that automate the surge of data between a firm and its providers to redesign the sorting out, sourcing, gathering, and transport of the things and associations. The convincing utilization of Supply Chain Information System depends upon the compact and especially arranged approach of individuals, philosophy, and improvement (Wang, 2011).People are essential to the point of their abilities and capacities in the study over complex procedures and what's additionally utilizing most recent development. Then again, associations ought to be careful in utilizing obsolete degrees of progress that may cause to back off the procedures. Different Supply Chain Information System composing PC programs are open in the marketplace which can enable a relationship to draw in the supply to chain shapes. Endeavour Reserve Scheduling is a multi-reason software design that besides joins provider relationship Association highlights. Despite the way, Boeing is especially careful from the most recent progressions and beginning at now executing Attempt Resource Planning development for different suppliers yet there is a need to upgrade the current Attempt Resource Pla nning system in light of by keeping current stock system issues. The table underneath is exhibiting the recommended strategy considering its key objectives keeping the true objective to reduce or get rid of the present stock system issues. strategy objectives Improving supply chain information system using people, process, and technology strategy 1. Developing successful control framework to oversee provider connections to conquer defer issues 2. To fill the ability crevice between Boeing's rendition and techniques 3. To enhance benefit conveyance proficiency 4. To enhance inward and outer correspondence Change in company's structure Boeing would require adjusting it's commercial and down to earth glassy structures. At the commercial level, the workforce would complete the approach by allowing for correlated moves which ought to be made so as to upgrade current Supply Chain Information System. Acquiring more licenses of Attempt Resource Planning or to modify its current packs to attain the needed criteria. The workforce will ensure that every limit should sort out with other in order to address indispensable goals at the utilitarian level. Boeing should work closely with individual customers to deliver their best in flight operations, maintenance operations, and engineering operations required in the company besides integrating services to meet their specific needs. Conclusion Within and outside commercial states of Boeing as surveyed on a very basic level to perceive the degree at what the association is intentionally great with its present commercial circumstances. As a result of the imperative study, Boeing is going up against the issue of delay in introducing their 787 Dream liner. The concede issue has been caused by stock system organization issues in light of the outsourcing of both framework and the gathering organizations in making 787 Dream liner. Moreover, the association has taken off exorbitantly various enhancements in executing the new advancement and arranging new gadgets (Peterson, 2011). References Boeing, 2012.Boeing in brief. [Online] Available at: https://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/aboutus/brief.html [Accessed 15 August 2017]. Cohan, P., 2011. Outsourcing goes too far. Boeing's Dreamliner Delays. Datamonitor, 2009. The Boeing Company: company profile, London: Datamonitor. Datamonitor, 2011. The Boeing Company: Company Profile, London: Datamonitor. Dillow, C., 2010. China plans commercial jet, a challenge to Boeing and Airbus, s.l.: popsci.com. Drew, C. a. C. N., 2010. engine problems delays delivery of Boeing's Dream liners, New York: New York Times. Economist, 2011. blame suppliers for the delay in Boeing's air liners. Nightmare liners. Hill, C. W. L. J. G. a. G. P., 2004. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Sydney: John Wiley and Sons. Lamba, N. a. E. E., 2012. when Supply Chain Strategy does not match supply chain capabilities, s.l.: IGI global. Peterson, K., 2011. Boeing learned from outsourcing issues with 787, Chicago: Reuters.com. Schoch, D., 1999. Boeing and British Airways launch Global Airline Inventory Network, s.l.: Boeing media. Thomson and Martin, F., 2010. Strategic Management, 6th edition. s.l.:s.n. Wang, K., 2011. People, Process, and Technology Management Framework, s.l.: Createspace.

Servant Leadership Essay Example

Servant Leadership Essay Outline the key features of one theory/model of leadership servant-leadership vision Sergiovanni (2005) viewed vision as such a crucial element for change because it greatly influences the process of transformation in the servant-leader and in teachers, parents, and students and the school community as a whole. A good vision is meaningful if it is credible and can propel constituents to embrace it. Sergiovanni (1993) prescribed servant-leadership as the leadership style which could effectively meet the needs of the changing landscape in contemporary schools, Stewardship Sergiovanni (1992) explains that stewardship ? involves the leader‘s personal responsibility to manage her or his life and affairs with proper regard for the rights of other people and for the common welfare? (p. 139). Effective schools provide an environment for the common good of all students, regardless of their particular needs. Caring Sergiovanni(1994) claims that â€Å"caring as an integral part of shared community† (p. 146). Commitment to the growth of people The servant-leader is committed to the individual growth of human beings and will do everything they can to nurture others. Sergiovanni (2001) puts this in a school perspective: The leader serves as head follower by leading the discussion about what is worth following, and by modeling, teaching, and helping others to become better followers. When this happens, the emphasis changes from direct leadership based on rules and personality, to a different kind of leadership based on stewardship and service (p. 34). Moral community leader â€Å"Moral community provides for moral connections among teachers, students, and it advocates helping all of them to become self-managing. We will write a custom essay sample on Servant Leadership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Servant Leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Servant Leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These connections satisfy the needs for coordination and commitment that any enterprise must meet to be successful. † â€Å"Moral connections are stronger than the connections that come from extrinsic or intrinsic rewards. Moral connections are grounded in cultural norms rather than in psychological needs. † â€Å"The leader serves as head follower by leading the discussion about what is worth following and by modeling, teaching, and helping others to become better followers. â€Å"When this happens, the emphasis changes from direct leadership based on rules and personality, to a different kind of leadership based on stewardship and service. † The secret: To replace communication with conversation Conversation may not be able to move mountains, but it can get teachers, citizens, state officials, and other stakeholders to think differently, to join together in a union of mutual responsibility, and to make good decisions together for children. Since conversation is relational reciprocal, it requires commitment to mutuality . Mutuality implies the sharing of power with, by, and among people regardless of their level or role in a way that recognizes the dignity of each, and to sustain this sharing. And the more that heads practice mutuality by engaging in conversation with others, the more they count. Conversation is the way to bring people together, to build up needed capacity, and to win the commitment needed from everyone to make the school well. (Sergiovanni, 2001) Sees school as community Why is community building important in schools? Community is the tie that binds students and teachers together in special ways, to something more significant than themselves: shared values and ideals. It lifted both teachers ans students to higher levels of self-understanding, commitment, and performance-beyond the reaches of the shortcomings and difficulties they face in their everyday lives†. â€Å"Community can help teachers and students be transformed from a collection of â€Å"Is† to a collective â€Å"we†, thus providing them with a unique and enduring sense of identity, belonging, and place†. Sergiovanni, 1994) Schools can become communities in may different forms: 1. Caring communities 2. Learning communities 3. Professional communities 4. Collegial communities 5. Inclusive communities 6. Inquiring communities (Sergiovanni, 1994, P. 71) Sergiovanni sees a critical link between what happens to teachers and what happens to students. If schools and teachers are going to be successful in getting children to be more curious and more actively involved in their learning, then the adults who teach them likewise will have to be actively engaged, he says. Inquiring classrooms are not likely to flourish in schools where inquiry among teachers is discouraged. A commitment to problem solving is difficult to instill in students who are taught by teachers for whom problem solving is not allowed. Where there is little discourse among teachers, discourse among students will be harder to promote and maintain. And the idea of making classrooms into learning communities for students will remain more rhetoric than real unless schools become learning communities for teachers too, he writes. Teacher development must move center stage in school improvement, Sergiovanni argues. That means, he says, management systems, organizational patterns , and teacher growth strategies must recognize: †¢ Recognize individual differences among teachers; †¢ Encourage teachers to reflect on their own practices; †¢ Give a high priority to conversation and dialogue among teachers; †¢ Provide for collaborative learning among teachers; †¢ Emphasize caring communities; †¢ Call upon teachers to respond morally to their work. Because Sergiovanni believes that theories influence what we see and do, he argues that they also affect the change strategies that schools select. To illustrate, he challenges the notion that schools can be tightly managed into reform, pointing out that . . . teachers are less influenced by management strategies and more influenced by what they believe, by what peers believe and do, and by other more elusive cultural matters. Sergiovanni stresses the need for a school community to come together around shared values and ideas because real schools are managerially loose and culturally tight. That means, he believes, that the change process must be norms based rather than rules based. Such approaches emphasize professional socialization, shared values and purposes, collegiality, and natural interdependence. a. Role is to articulate values and work with community to solve its problems b. Rise above the personal â€Å"†¦. are willing to sacrifice for one another as fellows or sharers of a common fate† Book Review Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement By Thomas J. Sergiovanni: Sergiovanni discusses living school in leadership rather than just being concerned with the facts and figures involved in playing school. The viewpoint of the author is being concerned about the leadership processes in schools that are presently accepted as the norm. Sergiovanni would like to see school leadership shift to one that is self-motivated by teachers who want to do a great job, not one where the teachers feel they have to as a result of dependency on extrinsic rewards. A school, he says, is a community with a shared sense of values and purpose. He d escribes a virtuous school as one founded on the beliefs that a school must be a community, that this school community includes parents, teachers, students and other community members. He believes that every student can learn, that caring for the whole child is the key to academic success, and that mutual respect and positive expectations are the operating dynamics. Throughout this book, Sergiovanni is attempting to reframe the role of leadership in a school from an old paradigm focused on management and control and the view that a school is a formal organization, to a new paradigm of empowerment through caring, acknowledging the expertise of teachers and students, and facilitating their active participation in the school. Analysis, Impact, and Evaluation ) Critically consider its contribution to thinking on leadership Sergiovanni (1999) encourages consideration of a servant-leadership approach for our present day schools and for our raison d’etre, Such ideas as servant leadership bring with them a different kind of strength- one based on moral authority. †¦. What matters are issues of substance. What are we about? Why? Are students being served? Is the school as learning community being served? What are our obligations to this community? With these questions in mind, how can we best get the job done? (p. 1) Challenges and Tensions of Servant-Leadership Servant-leadership is not an easy choice for success in leadership, nor is it a panacea for all the difficulties of leadership. Besides, the servant-leadership option is fraught with frustrations, hostility, and periods of passivity (Lad Luechauer, 1998; Autry, 2001; Fryer, 2001). For Lad and Luechauer, â€Å"The journey toward becoming a leader who seeks to serve rather that be served is worthy, commendable, and, unfortunately filled with many personal, organizational, and environmental barriers, paradoxes, and downsides† (p. 1). The barriers, paradoxes, and downsides could lead to abandonment of the servant-leadership ideal when the leader lacking faith fails to see beyond the immediate challenges (Wheatley, 2004). B arriers to the Practice of Servant-Leadership According to Lad and Luechauer (1998) barriers that may offer resistance to the practice of servant-leadership are: 1. Followers might initially consider servant-leadership to be another management fad. Such skepticism arises from the inherent mistrust generated by the times when leaders have not remained faithful to the psychological contracts made with employees who seriously yearn for real change (Reeves, 2002). 2. Leaders and followers may not see servant-leadership as a pressing need, so that leaders remain trapped in a whirlwind of other events and needs that demand urgent attention. 3. Leaders and organizations spend much time and energy on recommending servant-leadership and its many advantages but excuse themselves from practicing it because they see it as not being practicable in their particular organization. Besides, followers may be caught in system relationships that have developed and seem impossible to break (Reeves). Servant-leadership presents two paradoxes: The first emanates from the fact that servant-leadership may take varying and ever changing forms. The leader must be comfortable with such variation in the process and realize the commandment that ‘thou is not the only servant in the organization’ (Lad Luechauer, 1998). Such a realization helps the leader to appreciate the contribution of others to the organization. Without the acknowledgement of other servant-leaders in the organization, servant-leadership can be self defeating. The second flows from the mistaken notion by some followers that servant-leadership implies the absence of rules, hierarchy, or structure, rather than understanding the changes required in the role that rules, hierarchy, and structure perform (Blanchard, 1998). Inhibitors of the Practice of Servant-Leadership Apart from barriers and paradoxes, servant-leadership has its downsides that the leader must be prepared to experience (Lad Luechauer, 1998). Some of the downsides include: 1. The reluctance of some colleagues and followers to collaborate and be empowered. 2. The difficulty of sharing control, of being humble, and capable of uplifting others, and of knowing very well that colleagues may surpass the servant-leader within the organization. 3. The challenges of dealing with anger, frustration, vulnerability, and despondence as the servant-leader strives to be a role model. These, Lad and Luechauer noted, may delay or prevent the process of becoming a servant-leader. But the leader must recognize that these barriers, paradoxes, and downsides are not only perceived but also justifiable. The leader can enhance the possibility of a safe and successful journey into servant-leadership by preparing for such anticipated difficulties early during the leadership mandate. Facing such challenges, the servant-leader should remember that actions speak louder than words and that it is not talking about servant-leadership that does the trick, but practicing servant-leadership style (Lad Luechauer). Strategies for Practicing Servant-Leadership Lad and Luechauer (1998) indicated four ways towards enhancing the practice of servant-leadership: 1. Engagement in dialogue, discussion, education and training, since many of the barriers issue from misconceptions and unrealistic tales about its meaning and practice. 2. Joining or creating the appropriate study groups so as to receive new ideas and encouragement from other servant-leaders. 3. Attendance at Servant-Leadership Conference in order to learn from other participants’ experiences. 4. Engaging in activities such as decorating one’s office with reminders of servant-leadership such as posters, calendars, pictures, daily prayer/meditation/reflection, and maintaining a servant-leadership journal. ) Illustrate how the theory/model illuminates or suggests ideas for practice in one school Schools can become communities in may different forms. They can become: 1. Caring communities: members are motivated by altruistic love and make a total commitment to each other. 2. Learning communities: members are committed to thinking, growing, and inquiring and where learning is for everyone an attitude as well as an activity, a way of life as well as a process. 3. Professional communities: 4. Collegial communities 5. Inclusive communities 6. Inquiring communities Sergiovanni, 1994, P. 71) c) Suggest ways the theory/model might be developed. b. Reflects core educational and moral values of community (exclusivity an issue? ) Core educational values versus moral values of community Moral connections grounded in cultural norms are central to Sergiovannis theory of school leadership. Moral connections come from the duties teachers, parents, and students accept, and the obligations they feel toward others, and toward their work. Obligations result from common commitments to shared values and beliefs, he writes. These moral connections, Sergiovanni believes, must be at the core of building community in schools. Schools that are struggling to become communities should address questions such as: †¢ What can be done to increase the sense of family, neighborliness, and collegiality among the faculty? †¢ How can the faculty become more of a professional community where everyone cares about each other and helps each other to learn and to lead together? †¢ What kinds of school-parent relationships need to be cultivated to include parents in this emerging community?

Alcoholism Essays (1948 words) - Alcohol Abuse, Free Essays

Alcoholism Essays (1948 words) - Alcohol Abuse, Free Essays Alcoholism CUNNING, BAFFLING, POWERFUL, PATIENT AND DEADLY Alcoholism: Today's substance abuse, whether alcohol or drugs, continues to be a major social problem. Common patterns occur in all forms of substance abuse. While some types of substance abuse problems are slightly different in terms of causes and cures, experts agree that there are some do's and don'ts which relate to kicking the abuse habit. If you or a loved one have a substance abuse problem, this article can give you sound advice on understanding what substance abuse is, and what to do about it. In this article, we will refer to alcohol, although the word drug may be used synonymously in place of alcohol. What is Alcoholism? Alcoholism is a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by continuous or periodic: impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. The rational for continued use of alcohol is centered on, Common addiction distortions. MENTAL FILTER:Magnify the negative details and eliminate the positive.E.g. - using alcohol is so incredible. It is the most pleasurable thing I know. (filter out the negative effects) POLARIZED THINKING: Things are black and white, good or bad. You are perfect or a complete failure.E.g. - My life would be void of pleasure with out alcohol. OVERGENERAL- ZATIONTo come to a general conclusion based on a single incident or piece of evidence.E.g. - Alcohol has made for some great times with friends. I must have alcohol in order to capitalize on the potential for fun. MIND READINGYou think you are able to define how people are thinking about you.E.g. - People will not like me if I give up alcohol. There is a side that come out that is very attractive. CATASTROPHIC EXAGGERATIONYou expect disaster, and disaster means the end of the world. E.g. - I won't be able to tolerate the discomfort of sobriety I AM CONTROLLEDYou feel externally controlled, you see yourself as helpless and a victim of fate. E.g. - The alcohol makes my days tolerable, without it, I'll not be able to function. I MUST CONTROLYou feel that control is an all or nothing thing. Any ease on the reins will result in a fall so disastrous you will never regain control.E.g. - Without alcohol I may get depressed, and I will never be able to come out of it. BLAMINGYou hold other people responsible for your pain.E.g. - If I give up my drinking, I will be a bare wire, forced to face my abuse riddled past. These are common patterns of substance addiction, keeping in mind that most alcoholics are unwilling to admit they are real alcoholics and fit into one or more of these categories. No person likes to think he is bodily and mentally different from other people. Therefore, it is not surprising that their drinking careers have been characterized by countless vain attempts to prove they could drink like other people. The idea that somehow, someday they will control and enjoy their drinking is the great obsession of every abnormal drinker. The persistence of this illusion is astonishing. Many pursue it into the gates of insanity or death. The John Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore uses the following questions as a test for alcoholism. #YesNo 1Do you loose time from work due to drinking? 2Is drinking making your home life unhappy? 3Do you drink because you are shy with other people? 4Is drinking affecting you reputation? 5Have you ever felt remorse after drinking? 6Have you gotten into financial difficulties as a result of drinking? 7Do you turn to lower companions and an inferior environment when drinking? 8Does your drinking make you careless of your family's welfare? 9Has your ambition decreased since drinking? 10Do you crave a drink at a definite time daily? 11Do you want a drink the next morning? 12Does drinking cause you to have difficulty in sleeping? 13Has your efficiency decreased since drinking? 14Is drinking jeopardizing your job or business? 15Do you drink to escape from worries or troubles? 16Do you drink alone? 17Have you ever had a complete loss of memory because of drinking? 18Has your physician ever treated you for drinking? 19Do you drink to build your self-confidence? 20Have you ever been to a hospital or institution on account of

Society in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Society in the USA - Essay Example But in as much as I don't want to make a drastic change, I have to awaken them in the reality that I have to move. We have to move forward. The kids are growing. They will not be forever children. College is so expensive. Betty Friedan's "Feminine Mystique" has reawakened me and my feminine will for power, but also to save my family from poverty and deprivation. The woman has equal rights and responsibilities as the man. She is there to help, not to be a slave to her husband. Her diploma and the years she spent to earn it must not be a mere decoration, to be forgotten by the passing of time. She must leave a mark for herself and her family who equally needs her support and guidance. I can not forever stay idle at home and see this growing family go hungry, or depend entirely on a salesman's income. There are times I have to find ways to make ends meet, when my husband is not able to meet his quota. We have to work together, hand in hand we can fight poverty. If there are opportunities of a job for a housewife like me, I can start. I can start a small business, even if I stay at home. I have wonderful ideas inside me that can turn little things into income. My husband must not be forever a slave to his chauvinistic mind that he is superior, above every woman, or that his decision and ideas will prevail. This is America, forever free for everyone, including a woman. To mTo my daughter: be strong, finish college, and don't be just a subordinate to your husband. Being a woman does not mean staying at home after college. Responsibility at home must be shared between a husband and wife. And this must be talked about. An open dialogue, an open communication between the couple is a good beginning. Shared responsibility leads to progress in the family. Mutual understanding and goal setting are co-equal, just as the wife is co-equal with her husband. The man is the head of the family but the woman must not be left behind. His decision is also a shared decision, co-equal with hers. To my son: be a good example. Follow your father's footsteps, if you want to. But set your goals, and don't leave the woman behind. She is as human as you are. Respect her just as you respect me. Build a home, secure your family - with a woman who will not be a slave at home, but who will go with you to be strong builders of a home and nation. A nation's economy is also the responsibility of people and families. 2. Dr. Laura Schlessinger and her "New Traditionalism" Dr. Laura Schlessinger's books, ideas and philosophies simply tell us something: go back to the basics. This is what she has been telling the world in her "new traditionalism" concept of inter-personal relationships, in the home and family, caring for children and husbands. In fact, she says, "women have the power to control the quality of their lives with their men" and that is taking good care of them, and not just nag and nag them, and be "workhorses" that they are now, forgetting their role inside the home. The traditional way of caring is the husband goes to his job, while the wife stays at home, taking care of the kitchen and the children. Dr. Laura teaches a new approach by not really going back to the old times of the wife staying at home and the

Consent for medical treatment of a minor in the state of Nevada Case Study

Consent for medical treatment of a minor in the state of Nevada - Case Study Example NRS 432B.220 Persons required to make report. Any person who â€Å"knows or has reasonable cause to believe that a child has been abused or neglected† must make a report â€Å"to an agency which provides child welfare services or to a law enforcement agency† within 24 hours. Persons who are qualified to make reports include â€Å"a physician, †¦ resident, intern, professional or practical nurse† or any other of the several medical professions named. NRS 432B.260 Action upon receipt of report. â€Å"An agency which provides child welfare services or a law enforcement agency shall promptly notify the appropriate licensing authority; †¦ a law enforcement agency shall promptly notify an agency which provides child welfare services of any report it receives.† NRS 432B.270 Interview of child and sibling of child concerning possible abuse or neglect; photographs, X rays and medical tests. â€Å"A designee of an agency investigating a report of abuse or neglect of a child may, without the consent of the person responsible for a child’s welfare: (a) Take or cause to be taken photographs of the child’s body, including the areas of trauma; and (b) if indicated after consultation with a physician, cause X rays or medical tests to be performed on a child.† The rule further states that the person responsible for the child must be notified unless the agency designee deems such notification would endanger the child or the child’s siblings. In addition, NRS 432B.290 Authorized release of data or information states that â€Å"data or information concerning reports or investigations† of abuse or neglect may be made available to â€Å"a physician, if the physician has before him a child who he has reasonable cause to believe has been abused or

Paper on Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper on Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong - Essay Example War breaks out because of questions regarding the legitimacy of succession. As a consequence China subdivides into three major branches with Cao Cao reigning in the north, Sun Quan ruling in the south, and Liu Bei controlling the west sector of China. The Romance of Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong is a classic historical novel dealing with the power struggles within the Han dynasty which inevitably precipitate its collapse. An intricately woven book integrating historical accurate events merged with creative fiction, this book centers on themes such as brotherhood, art of war and religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This novel also weaves in elements of Confucianism whose doctrines are based principally on The Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate of Heaven marks the transition from the Shang dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) to the Zhou dynasty (1122-256 BCE) violation of the macrocosmic concepts: through corruption, immortality, and misrule led to Shang's deposition from power by the Zhou Dynasty, Hea ven reserved the right to interpose in the microcosm especially when discord threatens. Political corruption made the emperor, also called the son of heaven unfit to rule therefore, the Mandate of Heaven can be legally transferred to another who was better and morally qualified. The Mandate of Heaven encapsulates the main principles of principles of Confucianism : ren (benevolence), xiao (filial piety), and li(propriety and convention), which secured harmony and equilibrium with the macrocosms (nature and heaven) and the microcosm (man's affairs). It is through application of the principle of the Mandate of Heaven that the Han dynasty is overthrown. Zhang Jiao was the catalyst in the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184 A.D. Jiao began the revolution to undermine and collapse the Han Dynasty due to social injustices experienced by citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daoism constitutes a large part of the novel since its ideals and teachings are practiced by the characters of The Romance of Three Kingdoms. Daoism is a pacific religion which stands for order and harmony with nature and with man. This concept is mirrored in the affirmation that that state of being "in accord with nature is (being) in accord with Dao." There exist compatibility, coexistence and harmony with opposite natures and this relation is called harmonious dualism. Zhuge Liang is an educated Taoist scholar who personifies some of the principles of Daoism. Dao which is "divine and everlasting" means "the way of nature and the cosmos" thus one sees the bond between the universe and man. Zhuge acts as an emissary, diplomat and successful martial strategist to Sun Quan.   Zhuge Liang, as a Daoist peacekeeper, pacifies several warlords in the South, at the same time, he spearheads the Shu Han forces on expeditions to strengthen the Han empire. He never dies on the battle field but succumbs to tubercolosis. Zhuge Liang's strategies always triumphs as he continually foils the plans of his adversaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Romance of Three Kingdoms incorporates tenets from another Chinese classical text, The Art of War written by Sun Tzu, a notable Chinese general who explains the importance of the war to the state and gives pithy advice on martial techniques on how to maneuver one's army to secure victory. The Battle of Xiaoting, the Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Wuzhang Plains are noteworthy collisions in the novel in which various arts of war are implemented. Lu Bu observes that "Cao Cao knows something of the art of war" (Guanzhong 90). In the Art of War, moral

An overview of marketing

An overview of marketing Marketing according to Kotler and Keller (2006) is everywhere. We as human beings tend to portray a sense of belief that we make decisions out of our own will. However, in reality we receive hundreds of inputs consciously and unconsciously from brands and businesses marketing themselves, that tends to form the very basis of everyday decisions. It is done formally or informally in a number of ways by people and organisations, and businesses need to implement good marketing strategies in order to have beneficial success. Hence as Armstrong and Kotler (2009) state that marketing has a twofold goal of trying to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow present customers by delivering satisfaction. We are surrounded by companies marketing on every possible platform that they can possibly market on. But this is no accident that marketing takes place this way. Kotler and Keller (2006) state that it is done after careful planning and efficient execution. Excellence in marketing and its strategies are continually refined and reformed to meet the way consumers react to brands. But marketing to a wide range of people either locally or globally is tricky and has to be the Achilles Heel of many prosperous companies (Kotler and Keller, 2006). It needs to include what products need to meet customer demands, the product category, what price ranges they need to fall in, brand image of the business and brand loyalty of the customer. The brands and businesses that fail to carefully understand and monitor their customers and competition but try to keep a step ahead are at the greatest risk of failing to increase their value to the end customers. 1.1 Marketing! What is it? What really is marketing? How does it benefit to implement a marketing strategy? Does marketing really work? This is explained simply by Kotler and Keller (2006) as the identification and meeting of human wants and social needs, profitably. And to this the American Marketing Association introduced a formal definition help understand marketing which states that Marketing is an organisational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to the customers; and for managing customer relationships in ways that are beneficial to the organisation as well as the stakeholders (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Armstrong and Kotler (2009), state that marketing is managing profitable customer relationships. Marketing has enabled exchanges of goods, services, events, experiences, information and ideas easily through various modes of communication from businesses to customers. Exchange according to Kotler and Keller (2006) is a core concept of marketing and to make any successful exchanges, marketers seek to elicit a behavioural response from the other party of consumer through analysis. But companies, businesses and brands have to understand that marketing needs to be radical and that the advantages of direct marketing are far greater. Using surgical strike advertising which as explained by Kotler and Keller (2006) are short, targeted ad campaigns helps create a emergent sense of belonging and part of a community, while making the brand or the brand image as the unifier of that community. This enables bringing about increased competition by introducing fresh, different marketing ideas and est ablishing loyalty and commitment among customers. 1.2 Do Brands really exist? Guzman cites Kapferer (1997) who states that before the 1980s the approach towards brands was different. Companies wished to buy a producer of chocolate or pasta: after 1980, they wanted to buy KitKat or Buitoni. This distinction is very important; in the first case firms wish to buy production capacity and in the second they want to buy a place in the mind of the consumer (p. 23). Guzman states that the shift in focus towards brands began when it was understood that there was something more than just mere identifiers. Also Kapferer (1997) stated that brands help perform an economic function in the minds of consumers, the value of the brand comes from its ability to gain an exclusive, positive and prominent meaning in the minds of a large number of consumers (p. 25). Thus Guzman assertens that business need to build a brand and focus on developing brand value (Guzman, A Brand Building Literature). A brand as explained by Simoes and Dibb (2001), is the combination of features (what the product or service is), the benefits for the customer (what wants and needs the product meets) and the values (which the customer associates with the product or service). If marketing adds value to a product while differentiating it from the other products in the market which may have similar features and benefits, then we are able to create a brand that customers can relate to.Brands are thus intangible assets that are residing in the minds of customers. Though they are impetus to brand creation by marketing, Kotler and Keller (2006) state that brands end up as a perceptual entity that are deep rooted in reality but reflects the perceptions and perhaps even the idiosyncrasies of customers. As explained by Armstrong and Kotler (2009), many business owners and brands tend to make the mistake of paying more attention to the product rather than to the benefits and experiences produced by the product s and coined this as marketing myopia. Therefore companies and organisations have long tried to differentiate themselves from their competitors in many ways to be able to be top of mind for customers. These differences maybe functional, rational or tangible, i.e. related to the performance of the brand; however they could also be symbolic, emotional or intangible, which helps potential customers and repeat customers relate to what the brand intends to represent (Kotler and Keller, 2006). Perceptions from customers according to Chevalier and Mazzalovo (2004) are embodied in a name. However, the American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (Kotler and Keller, 2006). It is thus an important visible part of a more complex reality and provides the mediation of the core values of the organisation and how consumers perceive its brand image. But what needs to be understood more importantly is that consumers are looking at a particular brand because they believe it has a guarantee of a specific quality, usually superior and this tends to help form a long-term strategy assurance for any relationship between the brand and customer (Chevalier and Mazzalovo, 2004). Brands thereby focus on keeping to their core-values and delivering the benefits consumers truly want. As seen from the HBR (2003), the Brand Report Card shows us that strong brands attributes such as staying relevant or pricing strategies are based on value that the consumer perceives, positioning the brand to make it desirable and deliverable, while constantly ensuring brand consistency and monitoring brand equity  [1]  . Any value that a brand carries along with it adds or minuses its overall brand awareness which Kotler and Keller (2006) state as the power of that brand which lies in the minds of existing or potential customers on what they have seen, read, heard and experience directly or indirectly about the brand. As stated by Coulson-Thomas (1983), the appeal of a brand may remain relatively constant even as product physical attributes may change, hence companies and organisations need to constantly resonate their core values and position themselves correctly in their tar get audiences minds, in order to increase brand awareness and higher brand recall. 1.3 Gaining an Identity for the Business through Branding Urde M. (1999), Brand Orientation: A Mindset for Building Brands into Strategic Resources, Joumal of Marketing Management, 15. 117-133 There has been research from previous case studies carried out on companies such as Nestle, DuPont, Tetra Pak, Volvo, and Phamiacia Upiohn Nicorette, to see how an organisations approach is affected when its operations and marketing and strategies revolve around the companies brand or particular products of the company (Urde, 1999). The organisation acquires an identity and increased awareness when it expresses its overall goals, values and positions through its brand and brand statement. But Urde questions whether we need to rethink the market and marketing concept while challenging the ever known assumption of whether the customer is always right? He also goes on to ask whether development of the organisation or brand should be based on satisfying the customers need and wants, even if the price is not right? (Urde, 1999). But through the case studies researched by him on the companies stated above, it shows that integrity and brand competence are required to create, develop and pro tect the brands while sending out the right message through the right channels to be able to establish a trust brand identity while customers can relate to and not just an image. Also Ewing and Napoli (2005) state that while doing this organisations need to monitor consumers brand perceptions, identify whether their attitudes confer with their own brand vision and thereby instigate strategies to reinforce positive brand beliefs or change any negative perceptions because as Haynes et. al (1999) state, from a brand management perspective, brands are likely to be more successful when an audiences perception of a brand mirrors the firms view of the brand concept and both are identical to the consumers original specifications since the products or services produced by a business need to meet the customers desires and not just their demands. 1.4 Brand Orientation: Brand-orientation has been a term that has been coined by Frans Mellin and Urde and through Urdes dissertation carried out in 1997 he states that it is an process where brands and companies revolve around the development, protection and creation of the brand through an ongoing interaction with targeted customers with an aim of achieving long lasting relationships which in turn ensures competitive advantage for the brand. Brands have always been seen as only resources and expressions of the company identity to establish themselves in the minds of customers. And they have thus been treated in a very superficial or general fashion. Urde cites Macrae who states that certain companies go the extra distance to not only satisfy customers wants and needs but to lend a strategic significance to brands, which enables them to acquire an emotional and symbolic value for the brand and organisation, thereby helping them ensure that they are living the brand through their marketing strategies (Urde , 1999). Urde states that though being industry and customer centric for the last half century, there are always questions arising with regard to product related questions. Is the product good enough? Is it what the customer really wants? These questions tend to dominate when we deal with brands and this is mainly because the functional advantages of any product can be easily imitated by competitors at a lower cost hence removing the competitive advantage entirely (Urde, 1999). Thus as stated by Kotler and Levy (1969) that The marketing concept holds that the problem of all business in an age of abundance is to develop customer loyalties and satisfaction, and the key to this problem is to focus on the customers needs (Urde, 1999). Thus when Drucker (1954) first articulated this idea being called the marketing concept, he made note that marketing was never a separate function of the management but on the contrary, the whole business needs to be seen from the customers point of view (Deshpande and Webster, 1989). The marketing concept often called the market concept which is considered a corner stone by Kohli and Jaworski (1990) and Drucker (1954) who were among the first people to argue that the marketing concept needs to be adopted as a fundamental basis for any brand or company to ensure a competitive advantage. Armstrong and Kotler (2009) also state that customer focus and value are the paths to higher sales and profits for any business. Thus it goes to say that by placing the customer in focus by the firm and revolving the companys strategies to satisfy customer wants and needs is key in any marketing concept. Many authors such as; McKittrick 1957; Felton 1959: Kotler 1977; Day. Shocker, and Srivastava 1979; Webster 1992; Day 1994; Hunt and Morgan 1995, have previously in their literature contrasted this concept of marketing with market orientation and hence customer orientation. And Urde describes market orientation as the organization wide generation of market intelligence pertaining t o current and future customer needs, dissemination of the intelligence across departments, and organization wide responsiveness to it (Urde, 1999). Businesses need to be able to maintain a healthy competitive advantage by differentiating their product or service through constant sensing of their market through regular interactions with customers and potential customers helping them cater to the end customers needs and wants, and thus as Melin (1997) points out enables them to form a barrier to entry. Thus brands are forced to become the unconditional response of the firm because following the strategy to tend to the wants and needs of customers can be ensured only through the right brand communication channels and thereby right segmentation and positioning. And this is possible as seen by Urde citing Day (1994) who argues that market sensing (the ability to continually sense, interpret foresee, and react to changes in the market) and customer linking (the ability to develop relationships with customers) are two particularly important aspects of the development of a market-oriented organization (Urde, 1999). Satisfaction of customers needs and wants Æ’Â   The brand as an unconditional response to customer needs and wants But Urde (1999) also goes on to state that if brand awareness and brand loyalty of customers is intended to increase the competitive advantage, then market orientation tends to come into conflict with any long-term brand development. If marketing the business as a brand is the true question then we need to see whether the customers and their changeable preferences provide sufficiently stable grounds for the brand as a resource. If brands tend to change just because of opinions and comments of consumers based on whatever position they think is popular at the time, then the business and its brand image loses credibility. This on the contrary shows that the business has not got a strong sense of identity and forms and opportunism for signs of weak integrity to the business and the organisations core values and goals (Urde, 1999). Establishing a brand as explained by Urde (1999) should be a starting point for businesses as an expression of a mindset. If all businesses relate to their products or services as brands and work on strategies to create, develop and protect these brands as strategic resources, it will help them achieve a competitive advantage which in turn increases brand identity for customers to relate to. Research done earlier has shown that identity of a brand for a customer is enhanced through value creation and meaning creation which enables customers to experience products or services as attributes that are valuable and unique, and this makes it difficult for competitors to imitate. Urde (1999) states that companies need to consciously and actively strive to give their brand a competitive advantage through an expression of intent by constantly managing the process through which they give the brand value and meaning. This helps the brand become a symbol of an ongoing interaction between the com pany and its customers. Hence Urde points out that by doing this, it has positive consequences on the company which helps it position, prioritizes, organizes, develops, and protects its brand resource base while increasing the companys knowledge of market intelligence for its product or service (Urde, 1999). 1.5 Businesses establishing themselves as Brands A conceptual framework Former head at Nestle, Camillo Pagano, was questioned by Urde on whether it was possible to create brand passion within an organisation. To this Camillo answers, As you get new consumers all the time, by changing consumer groups, habits, and trends, you have to keep the brands continuously refreshed. Thats a job that takes a tremendous amount of attention and passion! (Urde, 1999). A passion for a brand whether it is a business, organisation or even a product or service, it needs to come from within, and this can be seen not only from the way the employees of the brand work in the organisation but also by the way customers perceive the brand through their loyalty. Businesses thus need to be brand oriented in order to generate any sort of customer loyalty towards their brand, increase brand awareness and thus be able to communicate the right message to their potential end users. This ability to be able to transform a product or service by an organisation into a brand needs to constitute as a fundamental process for organisations. As stated by Urde (1999), a product fulfils a function, while a brand symbolizes values and a meaning in a social context. A brand with emotional and symbolic values is experienced and interpreted while carrying a personality and identity of its own provides a basis for a unique relationship. It symbolizes values and a meaning in a social context and brings about experience through its reality. The understanding of a company being brand-oriented can be summarised through a number of concepts and relationships. However, Urde (1999) integrated a companys reasoning about its strategy and direction with brand equity, brand awareness and brand identity, to obtain a conceptual framework called the Brand Hexagon. Any company that needs to portray its business or its brand out into the market need to answer basic fundamental questions such as: Why does the business or brand exist? What does the brand stand for? Who is the brand? How is the goal of the brand to be achieved? As stated by Urde (1999), if these questions are answered then it helps relate to the reasons for the existence of the business or brand as well as enabling identification of the core values, identity, personality, and strategy of the brand. Also if the vision of the brand is to be projected out to the end customer on a long term basis then the business needs to be able to communicate the right information of what they want to achieve for the brand and how they will go about realising this vision. 1.6 Communicating the Brand Functional and Emotional Values As stated by Urde (1999), brand awareness for any business is concerned both with its position in the market as well as the specific products or services that is made available for the consumer. From the Brand Hexagon model, the right side reflects the reference function (product or service category and product), while the emotional function that reflects the brand name or the business name is on the left side. Urde goes on to explain that distinguishing between intellectually explaining as well as emotionally communicating are the principle ways brands need to communicate to their target audience. We as individuals use our brain (i.e. reference function) and our heart (i.e. emotional function) to interpret a brand thus enabling us to experience the brand in its entirety. The task of communication is necessary to explain the product or service that a brand or business represent, however it is not to explain brands in terms of objective relationships. We need to emotionally and symbol ically experience a brand and hence the identity of the brand cannot be explained. And Urde firmly states that insight into the limitations of the intellect in understanding, and into the limitations of the emotions in explaining, is fundamental when a company communicates about its brands (Urde, 1999). The mission and vision are at lower part of the model and relates to the brand or businesses intentions, while the upper part shows the interpretation of the brand by the target audience. Through symbolic interaction a continual reinterpretation is created by the dynamics of brand development. Thus this has lead to the process of meaning creation which puts the core values and positioning at the centre of the model, thereby forming the complete brand hexagon showing how all the elements are linked and interlinked for the development of a brand. 1.7 Awareness. Associations and Loyalty Reflections of Brand Strength As we look at Urdes Brand Hexagon, we can see that the relationships between a brand, product or service and the target audience can only be established when there is awareness, right associations and brand loyalty. 1.7.1 Awareness: As cited by Macdonald and Sharp, Baker et.al (1986) state that if a brand is not recalled due to lack of awareness then it would obviously not be chose during the decision making stage. Awareness of a product or service, produced by a business, thus needs to be conveyed to the target audience and this helps to increase the brand building process. Farquhar (1989) states awareness is a important dimension of brand equity and Aaker (Emerald Backfiles 2007) strengthens this point to say that brand awareness is pivotal since it underlies the strength of successful brands. As Aaker (1991) states, the brand should be conceptualised as a node in memory which thereby allows other information about the brand to be anchored to it and this can only be done by creating awareness of the brand (Macdonald and Sharp, 1996). 1.7.2 Associations: The brand is able to differentiate their product or service, create favourability, attitudes and bring about congruity in the brand through unique associations (Keller, 1993). Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000, p.17) describe associations as anything that makes the consumer connect with the brand, including user imagery, product attributes, organizational associations, brand personality, and symbols. But as stated by Cochran (2002), associations will only result if all of the components of the brand make sense and are perceived by the target as an entity with which they would want to interact. Hence these associations will only be possible if there is a good communication channel between the brands and the end customer, since good associations would lead to better relationships and this would result in higher brand recall. 1.7.3 Loyalty: Loyalty as stated by Shocker (1994), marketers for brands need to understand and be able to leverage consumer-bonds which has become especially necessary in every marketplace since it is characterised by increasing unpredictability, diminishing product differentiation, and heightened competitive pressures and as cited by Fournier and Lao (1997), brand building activities have been placed back into the heart of business plans to develop consumer brand loyalties, partnerships and friendships. In addition, Aaker (Emerald Backfiles 2007) also states that by focussing on brand loyalty, this often is an effective way to manage brand equity since repeat buying patters of consumers as well as customer satisfaction are the indicators of a healthy brand and thus programs to enhance this will build brand strength. 1.8 The Core Values Centre of Gravity At the centre of the Brand Hexagon are placed the core values which enable to position a branded product and a branded company because Urde (1999) states that it is via positioning that the company expresses and interprets the core values. Positioning of the brand however but take place in relation to its competitors and always assert on attributes and benefits that complement the brand. This is usually achieved as Urde (1999) explains through using of metaphors that explicitly communicate the core values. As cited by Urde (1999), Phannacia Upjohn used the linguistic picture of Nicorette a helping hand to communicate its products for quitting smoking. Hence in principle, positioning ensures three dimensions of quality, personality and communication of the brand. 1.8.1 Quality: Quality as stated by Urde (1999) relates mainly to the product or service offered and as cited by Phillips et. al (1983), Porter (1980) cites that using quality as a differentiator helps insulate a business from competitive rivalry by reducing customer sensitivity to price, increasing customer loyalty and thus protect the business and brand. Personality: The personality of a brand are simply the human traits that consumers associate with the brand. As stated by Aaker (1997), research has been done to focus on how consumers express his or her own self, an ideal self or specific dimensions of ones self through the use of a brand. These personality traits thus are able to provide the brand with an emotional side and enables to position it in relation to other brands for the customer (Urde, 1999). Thereby Biel (1993) goes on to say that personality can be used as a central driver for consumer preference and usage. Communication: Communication is the basic human activity that helps link people and businesses together to create relationships. As stated by Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is at the centre of meaning-making activities which corresponds not only to marketing but also in political, social and economic areas to serve as a way to develop, organise and disseminate knowledge. Mohr and Nevin (1990) state it should be like the glue that holds the brands communication together in order to transmit information, receive feedback from the customer, and thereby help participative decision making. Thus through communication, businesses are able to chose the media channels through which they want to target their audience, use particular tones and styles in their marketing, and be able to reflect customers aspirations (cf. Kapferers (1997) reflections) (Cochran, 2002). Through this combination of quality of product or service, its brand personality and the right channels of communication, it makes it possible to position the brand clearly (Urde, 1999). There are certain values such as brand essence and brand soul that helps sum up a brand. As Aaker and Joachimsthaler (2000, p.45) states that brand essence helps become a part of brand identity as it is viewed as the glue holding the core identity of the brand together and as explained by Urde (2003), is to define and describe the innermost core of a brand. Randazzo (1993) also states that the brands soul is in its spiritual centre, the core values that defines the business and brand and permeates through all other aspects of the brand (Randazzo 1993, p.17). But as stated by Urde (2003), if core values are to fulfil their function and role they need to be built into the product, expressed in behaviour and reflects the feel of communication; thereby giving the end customer an added value which the consumer associates as an advantage to be able to differentiate a brand from a commodity. Hence McCracken (1993) states that: Brands have value, it turns out, because they add value and Urde (2003) justifies by saying that the added value maybe either functional, emotional or symbolic but they need to be closely related to the core and organisational values. Through this act of interpreting and reinterpreting the core values of the brand to the customer, helps affect the image and identity of the brand (Christiansen and Askegaard, 2001). Thereby brands and business need to be very careful while communicating the right message to their customers because the most important task of core values according to Urde (2003) is to be the guiding light of the brand building process. Thus from the Brand Hexagon we see that consumer awareness of the product needs to be established through brand associations which will help bring out conditions that help relationships exist between the target customers and the brand. But as Urde (1999) states, the main significance of the brand is reflected by the positioning of brand and reflecting the core values of the business and brand. However, he goes on to say that the loyalty of a customer towards a brand or the relationship shared is established only through brand identity and recall. Any business or brand needs to see itself as a brand-oriented company by being an associative network that communicates to the target audience (Urde, 1999). As stated by Fiske (1990, p.42) Decoding is as active as coding, therefore the brand and end consumers need to be the co-creators of this whole process. Hence communication should not take place as a one-way network but rather as an interaction with the target audience (Urde, 1999). 1.9 Communication: Communication is thus a very vital aspect of the whole concept of marketing and brands. Whether to communication is not the question anymore but asking what needs to be said, how it needs to be said, through what channels, where is your target audience located, how easy is it to access your target audience and how often can this be done financially and logically are the more pertinent questions. Over the years, there has been an increase in products available locally and globally, the competitors have increased and the overall prices of products have reduced considerably. These factors have affected the ways brands communicate to the customer in order to gain higher market share as well as undivided attention (Kotler and Keller, 2006). This has however been overcome to a large extent due to the efforts of holistic marketers  [2]  who are creatively employing multiple different types of communication. 1.9.1 Traditional vs New media: According to Lutze, companies spend millions every year on marketing their companies as brands in order to gain more market share and reach more prospects. But how often are these same companies realising the brand that is already created by their loyal, current customers? (Lutze, Reinvent Relationships With your Customers Online). As stated by Duncan and Moriarty (1998), this increasing importance of communication in marketing is easily demonstrated by the ability to use new marketing approaches as compared to traditional media (television, radio, and print media). Also marketing through traditional media could not be directly tracked unless large organisations paid huge amounts of money to market research companies to learn what their end customer feels about their product but with the introduction of the internet and social networking media platforms, all this has been changed drastically (Lutze H., Reinvent Relationships With Your Customers Online). The new approach emphasises tw o-way communication between brands and businesses and their target audience which has enabled listening to customers and interactivity with the end users. This kind of engaged marketing involving both sides of the chain can build or destroy important brand relationships and brand loyalty. 1.9.2 The Internet: With the evolution of the internet, this has sparked a whole new digital revolution in the way communication exists and the way we use communication among each other. It has impacted lives of people as well as business to a large extent and according to Harris and Rae (2010), everything around us seems

Crime and Punishment - Raskolnikovs Extraordinary Man Theory :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

Crime and Punishment -   Raskolnikov's Extraordinary Man Theory  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Crime and Punishment, the principle character, Raskolnikov, has unknowingly published a collection of his thoughts on crime and punishment via an article entitled "On Crime." Porfiry, who is trying to link Raskolnikov to a murder, has uncovered this article, read it, and tells Raskolnikov that he is very interested in learning about his ideas. Porfiry brings Raskolnikov into this conversation primarily to find out more about Raskolnikov's possible involvement in the crime. Raskolnikov decides to take him up on the challenge of discussing his theory, and embarks into a large discussion of his philosophy of man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Raskolnikov holds that by a law of nature men have been "somewhat arbitrarily" divided into two groups--ordinary and extraordinary. Raskolnikov believe that the duty and vocation of the first group is to be servile, the material out of which the world and society is to be formed. The first group are the people of the present, the now. The second group, those who are extraordinary, are a step above the normal, ordinary curs. They have the ability to overstep normal bounds and transgress the rights of those who are simply ordinary. They are the prime movers--they have a right to transcend normal societal strictures to accomplish those things they have determined are valid in their conscience. Extraordinary men are the prime movers. He cites such extraordinary men as Newton, Mahomet, and Napoleon. He tells us that Newton had the right to kill hundreds of men if need be in order to bring to the world knowledge of his findings. Napoleon and oth er leaders created a new word. They overturned ancient laws and created new ones. They had the right to uphold their new ideal, even if it meant killing innocent men defending the ancient law. "The first class of people preserve and people the world, the second move the world and lead it to its goal." Despite these tremendous differences in his theory, and the obvious superiority that the extraordinary people are afforded, Raskolnikov maintains that both classes have an equal right to exist. This is interesting, and anyone who sees tremendous problems with this theory must realize this very important point--both classes of men and women are necessary to understand the true meaning of Raskolnikov's theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without the extraordinary branch of men, without their ability and moral obligation to overstep the bounds of society at certain times, the history of the world would never have progressed to the state that we find ourselves now. Crime and Punishment - Raskolnikov's Extraordinary Man Theory :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment -   Raskolnikov's Extraordinary Man Theory  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Crime and Punishment, the principle character, Raskolnikov, has unknowingly published a collection of his thoughts on crime and punishment via an article entitled "On Crime." Porfiry, who is trying to link Raskolnikov to a murder, has uncovered this article, read it, and tells Raskolnikov that he is very interested in learning about his ideas. Porfiry brings Raskolnikov into this conversation primarily to find out more about Raskolnikov's possible involvement in the crime. Raskolnikov decides to take him up on the challenge of discussing his theory, and embarks into a large discussion of his philosophy of man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Raskolnikov holds that by a law of nature men have been "somewhat arbitrarily" divided into two groups--ordinary and extraordinary. Raskolnikov believe that the duty and vocation of the first group is to be servile, the material out of which the world and society is to be formed. The first group are the people of the present, the now. The second group, those who are extraordinary, are a step above the normal, ordinary curs. They have the ability to overstep normal bounds and transgress the rights of those who are simply ordinary. They are the prime movers--they have a right to transcend normal societal strictures to accomplish those things they have determined are valid in their conscience. Extraordinary men are the prime movers. He cites such extraordinary men as Newton, Mahomet, and Napoleon. He tells us that Newton had the right to kill hundreds of men if need be in order to bring to the world knowledge of his findings. Napoleon and oth er leaders created a new word. They overturned ancient laws and created new ones. They had the right to uphold their new ideal, even if it meant killing innocent men defending the ancient law. "The first class of people preserve and people the world, the second move the world and lead it to its goal." Despite these tremendous differences in his theory, and the obvious superiority that the extraordinary people are afforded, Raskolnikov maintains that both classes have an equal right to exist. This is interesting, and anyone who sees tremendous problems with this theory must realize this very important point--both classes of men and women are necessary to understand the true meaning of Raskolnikov's theory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Without the extraordinary branch of men, without their ability and moral obligation to overstep the bounds of society at certain times, the history of the world would never have progressed to the state that we find ourselves now.